Black Inventors of the Nineteenth and the Twentieth Century during the Age of Segregation - Free Essay Example

The African Americans of today come from a line of great men and women, with great minds and great skills backing up their present lives. African Americans also brought about the creation of a great many technology before they were freed from the slavery imposed upon them by the Whites in the America. The inventors in this particular race were creative and hardworking, the things that they created brought about the further invention of a great number of things, their inventions ranging from creation of early security systems to the creation of machines to help the collection of cotton or help in washing of clothes).. The Condition of Blacks in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century The African Americans continued to suffer even after the civil war and even after the burden of slavery had been removed from their heads and the cause of this struggle was the neglect from the government and the law institutes that were responsible for ensuring that the congresss amendments introduction in the constitution was followed by the masses and by the public and private institutes within the country. The white American made sure that he was at the top of the chain and if that meant that he would prohibit others from empowering the blacks by educating them (be they slaves or independent blacks), so be it. Regardless of the presence of amendments that granted every African American not only the legal right to stay in America, the right to vote in America and the right to equal opportunities, there was no change in the living statuses of the people from this race. The people of this race were separated from the whites with the use of laws imposed like the Jim Crow law that made sure that there was a visible divide between the people of different races. As per the law, there were separate placements for the black and white, this law changed the revolution that was visible after the civil war and made the divide a wider chasm then it really was after the Civil wars end; in this sense the absence of a law like Jim Crow would have resulted in faster acceptance of African Americans in the American society. Thanks to the law, the blacks got treated like substandard human beings by the whites in the country. If the facilities and opportunities provided to this race were to be taken into consideration for the sake of comparison, one would see that the blacks were given the short end of the stick. Going back to the level of school education, the schools for black were far and few with the type of education being provided as mediocre as possible, the school hours were minimum because of low level of fund allotment for these schools while the course was also old for the same reason. Those willing to get educated were faced with the dilemma of getting better resources to study and since the society was cleaved in two parts, the blacks used to travel to far off libraries for the sake of learning and still ended up with lesser engaging book materials. The plight of the black man was such that they couldnt travel in the easily available public transport because the transportation vehicles were for the whites only. Blacks had to fight legal battles to get entrance into the universities that taugh t the best. Blacks had to fight for better education as well as better opportunities for their people. Even after the early protests for the sake of getting better education and public accommodations, the court ruled in favor of separation and therein lied the core of the problem at hand, no one was willing to give way to their progress, everyone just wanted to create hurdles. The struggle for black started from the moment that they were born, the society was simply unwilling to accept the race as being human enough and constantly encroached on the rights of the black race regardless of the place of concern. Famous Black Inventors and their Inventions There are numerous inventions that were given to the world by the way of African Americans and some of them are noted in the following lines: James Forten- Developed the mechanism for easy sailing. Norbert Rillieux- Invented a better mechanism for refining sugar at decreased cost. Benjamin Banneker- Formed the wooden striking clock, although not famous for this specific work. Jan Matzeliger- Invented the machine that connected the different assembly parts of a shoe together, hence quickening the process of shoe making. Elijah McCoy- Invented a device to keep the different engines/machines well-oiled in an automatic fashion. Granville T. Woods- Not only the invented the telephone transmitter but also the Synchronous Multiplex Railway telegraph that allowed the different rail ports in becoming more connected with one another. This individual went on to own 60 more registered inventions that were later used by the biggest names in the industry. Lewis Howard Latimer- Worked on making Edisons light bulbs better by changing the carbon filament method of formation. Ellen F. Eglin- Formed the bare bones for the washing machine. Charles Drew- Known for his methods that allowed large amounts of blood to be kept in storage with a big amount of work on the plasma. George Washington Carver- Put forth the method that allowed the nitrogen levels in soil to remain stable enough for further growth of cotton. He also expanded upon nearly 300 uses for peanuts. The mentioned inventions are not the only notable inventions by people of African descend present in America, these are just few among the many. The Issues Faced When one looks back into the history for searching the inventions of the African Americans, the biggest task comes in the form of absence of information that would lead one back to the African American individual who made the invention. Rather according some research, the inventions of the blacks were bought by others at times and then registered by them. Further there were some who had their inventions registered under the names that didnt exist or at times under the names of authority figures of time that could help them. There were instances where the race was simply not mentioned for the sake of registration. The society was very much biased against these people and as a result the federal government did not really step up to help these individuals, rather it made things harder for them by simply denying them the right to register the invention under their own name or that of another person like their owner. On the other hand there was also the threat that the invention would s imply be registered under the name of the person whos slave had invented the device with no one ever learning about who really invented the device. The level of separation between the black and white was one of the force that lends to the absence of more black inventors getting their acknowledgements because it turns out that the more separated a community was in the past, the less likely it was for a black to get a their invention registered/patented. Further interesting is the fact that the blacks needed to have a vast connection in the society for their invention to get the recognition that it deserved and thanks to the separation this was not possible for the blacks. The blacks did not have the means as well as the connections that could allow them the ability to make it known that their invention was theirs. One of the biggest deterrents to the identification of the black mans achievement was the discouraged white man who wanted all the glory to himself and did not want the social structure to change. The whites didnt want to provide the blacks any space in educational institutes that provided education related to scientific field. Rather they (whites) wanted the blacks to go ahead and study in the industrial fields so that they could be of use in the industries that the rich whites were setting up all over the country. The black scientists struggled more than the whites just because of the low quality of education provided to them as well as the lack of opportunity to prove themselves (as the blacks were not given access to labs thanks to the Jim Crow law and the black institutes of education didnt have the requisite funds to make the labs). The later education was almost the same in the respect of knowledge provided to the individuals as it has been noted that the inventors utilized their innate creativity to come about their inventions rather than falling back on the education that they had received from different institutions. The free black was obviously more privileged than the black who was shackled down to a sugar or cotton mill owner. The opportunities and identification for this black were many if they were lucky enough to be in a northern state or if they were basically lucky enough to afford the education. Bibliography Cook, Lisa D. Inventing Social Capital: Evidence from African American Inventors, 1843-1930. MSU. 2011. https://msu.edu/~lisacook/pats_great_paper_0511_final.pdf Johnson, Keith V. and Elwood D. Watson. A Historical Chronology of the Plight of African Americans Gaining Recognition in Engineering and Technology. The Journal of Technology Studies :81-93. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ848441.pdf Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html Orange County Regional History Center. Celebrating African American Inventors Innovators. Orange County Regional History Center. https://www.thehistorycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/AA_Inventors_booklet_lo.pdf Schons, Mary. African-American Inventors II. National Geographic. 2011. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/news/african-american-inventors-19th-century/

What Is Business Management Essay - 1532 Words

Defining the Discipline What is Business Management? Studying for a business and management studies degree allows us to develop a broad understanding of business organizations and provides us with subject-specific knowledge in areas such as marketing, customers, finance, operations, communication, information technology, business policies and strategies. What Jobs can you receive with a degree in Business Management? The business field has many choices because there are different types of businesses to go into since business is open to so many choices, they can go for a big box store in retail or work for a billion-dollar company. Once schooling is complete here are some jobs with the salaries. Now, to get a little closer to home the hiring jobs would be like: Home Depot, Lowe’s the Home Improvement Store, Westlake Ace Hardware, Kelly Moore Paint, Sherwin Williams, Wells Fargo, Sonora Bank, and Johnson Johnson. 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The Work Ethics Of The United States, Malaysia, And Singapore

Works ethics guides the behavior of the work force. All firms and businesses have a set of rules or guidelines influencing or guiding their organizational behavior. Further, policies that provide guidance on ethical behaviors in are influenced by different factors across nations. Thus, the workforce of nations subscribes to work ethics which possesses or exhibits some similarities as well as differences. The differences could be brought about by the uniqueness in the cultural background of workers in different countries (Beng-Huat 200). Furthermore, the political systems that form the foundation of governance in the respective countries have far-reaching effects on ethical policies enacted in the country. In summary, intuitional, political, economic, religious, societal and philosophical notions influence the evolution and emergence of a business enterprise in any country. 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Contemporary Issues for study of Accounting - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: 1:What isclimaticimpact from various emissions by Qantas Airways? 2:What ways has Qantas Airways strategized climatic impacts into business objectives? 3:How are the endeavors made by Qantas Airways focused? 4:What is the targeted emissions reduction in the current year against past years? Answer: Introduction: Increasing awareness of climate change impacts around the globe has led to companies to adopt CDP disclosures(Sussman, 2008). Climate Change Information Request a program of CDP analyses greenhouse gas emissions of company activities. Such disclosures norms strive to attain reduced exposure to climatic change and to mitigate effects that cause climate change.The CDP body works along with various corporates and investors to study and analyse ways such that positive impact can be caused on the environment. In such disclosure norms companies are required to provide details regarding their greenhouse gas emissions in their CDP by means of an Online Response System (ORS). Australian regulatory boards are striving to attain positive climatic impacts through disclosure norms. Qantas Airways, a leading airline in Australia and is the flag carrier in Australia. The Company was established in the year 1921 in Winton, Queensland(Bulkeley, 2015). Currently it flies to most parts of the world and has its headquarters in Mascot, Sydney, Australia. It enjoys a 65% Australian market share and 14.4% of passengers flying inside or outside of Australia. The Company is focused on reduction in emission targets such that it can make positive impact globally. It has been rated as a A-grade Company in its Climate score, due to its carbon related activities undertaken. The scope of this report analyses carbon related impact on the climate caused by the Company. Practical Motivation: Climate change information request 2015 aims at obtaining several data and information in regards to carbon emissions done by the Company. Qantas Airways is a well-known airline that is focused on reducing its emissions, which is target driven by the Climate change procedures. The Company is committed to reduce its emissions and make use of sustainable resources as much as possible(1037-1070, 2008). Though the several airplanes that belongs to the airline functions on fossil fuel, which is a non-renewable and non-sustainable source, it is planting trees and reducing its carbon footprints in other activities. Most office of Qantas are adopting renewable sources of energy for their regular functionality and reducing wastages of energy. All sources that leads to climatic impact are analysed and their carbon footprints are calculated. Each of such items are taken and transformed in an endeavor to reduce impact. The Company is focused on innovation and sustaining renewable mechanisms for every purposes, also devising means by which fossil fuel can best be replaced. Except for where necessary, the Company is not making use of fossil fuel adapting to efficient energy usages(Karim, 2008). At various offices it is making use of solar panels and wind energy sources to reduce its impact on the climate. The Company has adopted all possible means to store and publish data that are in accordance to its Climate impact. Its disclosure agreement provides detailed data and procedures regarding each and every heads that are provided by the CDP. The high scoring potentiality of the Company is reflected by the valuable perspective it attaches to the activities that is being performed by the Company for responding to climate change. Through operational excellence and energy efficient usage, it has been able to make considerable impact on creating an innovative measure. Theoretical Motivation: The Paris Agreement has been ratified at a very fact pace determining heavy reliance on developing Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs) on corporates. The new agreement makes it clear that for climate change to be impacted, corporates needs to adapt to norms and procedures that prevents further degradation of the environment. Business strategies needs to revolutionize their businesses based on low-carbon that can limit rise in temperatures(Cotter, 2012). Preventing global warming has become a heavy task, with generation of reliance on everyone to contribute towards the cause in an unprecedented manner. For the scope of the current analysis of Qantas Airlines, legitimacy theory has been adopted. Legitimacy theory considers generalized perception in regards to beliefs and actions of an entity on basis of socially constructed norms. Legitimacy theory applied on this study will consider that climate degradation has been initiated and, Qantas is trying to make a positive impact to resto re such degradation. There is a tremendous amounts of stress that is caused on the climate due to carbon emissions from several activity that can be reduced by socially accepted norm of legitimacy theory(Mills, 2009). The theory allows development and consideration of several facts and figures that will help development of the study and to reach its goals and objectives. Motivation: Practical The dependent variable in this construct comprises of the climate change that is being impacted by activities of the corporation(Pinkse, 2009). Qantas Airlines in connection with its external as well as internal stakeholders have adopted several procedures that can provide positive impact on the climate change. Internal stakeholders along with Investors of the Company are committed to the long term effect that climate change can create hence have made a financial provision that is dedicated to creating a positive impact. The Company has a strong Board of Corporate Governance that provides yearly disclosures on ground of total financial commitment to back initiatives and innovation for creating a positive impact on the climate(Rankin, 2011). Along with planting of trees, adapting to renewable sources of energy, the Company is also taking other initiatives that can go a long way to create sustenance. It investors have also supported the joint initiative program and innovation technique s for the Company. Customers are growing their awareness regarding the impacts that they can cause to the environment by joining hands with corporates that are interested in making a positive impact on the environment(Milne, 2011). Theoretical Qantas Airlines in its recent CDP disclosures and target development have committed to saving of bird life and preserving natural fauna. It has also committed to measure targeted outcome on measurement of reduction in melting of Southern Polar Ice-Caps. Through joint programs with investors and other stakeholder groups it has aimed at preserving the environment and committing a sustainably achievable goal that can generate greater impacts. Polar ice cap melting have been associated with rising sea-levels. Various shores in Australia have recently experienced submerging of shores and advancing of beaches(Lawrence, 2009). This can directly be linked to commercial activity along with emissions that has led to rising of temperatures in Southern hemisphere. Qantas cannot depict achievement of its environmental targets similar to financial ones but can analysis data and disclose requirements related to them. Conflicting previous results Earlier research and analysis of data reveal that impact and harm already done on the climate is way beyond reversible. Qantas endeavors in order to create a positive impact on the environment might not be able to yield positive results within sufficient periods of time. As climate change has been precedent from a long period of time, impact it has already created is irreversible hence, probably corporations around the world needs to create an effort to be carbon negative such that effects of climatic change can be reversed. This theoretical construct is aimed at depicting the various hypothesis Qantas has adopted in order that positive impact on the environment can be generated. Assigned Theory According to CDP it contains various points and headings which can generate a positive impact on the climate and on the environment. The theoretical and conceptual analytical model for the purpose and scope of analysis deals in getting information in the brochure from the companies that can develop a positive and sustainable impact on the environment. This brochure can be assessed by investors and other stakeholders of the Company in order to evaluate the impact generated on the environment. Key theoretical constructs Theoretical construct is meant to meant to analyse models, theories and concepts in order to analyse the study. The study will encompass two primary variables namely dependent variables and independent variables(b8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com, Retrieved on 7th September 2017). Dependent variable in this scope of study has been determined to climate change. Climate change is a prolonged impact that is caused from pollutants and emissions, which gives rise to carbon. Emissions caused by burning of fossil fuel from airplanes have further added to levels of pollution causing climatic impact. Through this theoretical construct it can clearly be understood that endeavors undertaken by Qantas for reducing impact from carbon footprints add to positivity. The independent variable which are several efforts made by Qantas in Australia have been considered to generate immense effect on the dependent variable in reducing the harnessing causes degrading the climate. The scope of this study through several theoretical and conceptual framework aims to establish a connect between the Dependent Variable (DV) and the Independent Variable (IV). Qantas has undertaken several efforts to draw on a connection that can establish relation between DV, which is climate change with that of independent variable (IV) which are all efforts made by the Company towards making of a positive impact. The scope of the research also envisages another prominent variable which includes the time duration during which such efforts are made to reduce the impact of pollution(Mills, 2009). More the prolonged time period for which activities are undertaken to reduce impact from pollution more is the effect on the climate. Such prolonged efforts made by Qantas can lead to reduction in global temperature and create a positive impact on the environment. Conceptual Model: Figure 1: Conceptual Model Hypotheses For the purpose of this study, there will be two hypothesis that will be assumed in the scope of discussion. Null Hypothesis (H0) and the alternate Hypothesis (H1), which will be governed by the variables. In the Null Hypothesis the basis of assumption lies that climatic change will not be impacted through any endeavors undertaken by Qantas. Whereas in the Alternate Hypothesis, it has been assumed that DV which is the climate change will be a function of the IV which are several activities undertaken by Qantas. The study will aim to establish truth of alternate hypothesis and reject null hypothesis in totality. Proxy Measures for Theoretical Constructs Theoretical Construct Proxy measure Dependent (DV), Independent (IV), or Control Variable (CV) Source Impact on Southern Ice-Caps Rate at which ice-caps are melting DV-Climate Change IV-Activities undertaken by Qantas Airways Qantas Airways CDP data Rising water levels in Australian shores Flooding and rising sea-levels along sea-shores DV-Climate Change IV-Activities undertaken by Qantas Airways Scientific data measures and collection Research Method A research method is important for the purpose of undertaking any type of study. For purpose of analysis it is integral that data is collected, which can be done from sources primary and secondary in nature. This study has progressed on the basis of inductive analysis of explorative research philosophy. A research philosophy is one which a scholar adopts for the purpose of conducting his research. In explorative research philosophy, various theories and concepts in accordance to legitimacy theory has been adopted and explored. Further data has mostly been obtained from CDP brochure of Qantas Airways in ways such that all relevant and critical information can be obtained. Primary data collection has been avoided due to lack of time and lack data availability for Qantas Airways. Secondary data obtained from Qantas Airways and CDP format reveals several facts regarding the corporation. The research method has adopted mostly analysis of qualitative data and quantitative data has been ign ored in totality for the sake of simplicity of analysis. Qualitative procedures have been initially analysed in this proposal post, which quantitative measures has been adopted and analysed. There is scope for further research for including more varied conceptual models that can reflect regarding the various procedures for environmental and climatic impacts. Reference 1037-1070. (2008). The strategic significance of environmental sustainability by Australian-listed property trusts. Journal of Property Investment Finance, 522-540. Archel, P. H. (2009). Social disclosure, legitimacy theory and the role of the state. Accounting, auditing accountability journal, 1284-1307. b8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com. (Retrieved on 7th September 2017). Australian Climate Leadership Report. https://b8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/cms/reports/documents/000/001/351/original/Australian-Climate-Leadership-Report-2016.pdf?1480342252. Bulkeley, H. . (2015). Governing climate change. Routledge. Cotter, J. . (2012). Institutional investor influence on global climate change disclosure practices. Australian journal of management, 169-187. Gibson, J. L. (2008). Challenges to the impartiality of state supreme courts: Legitimacy theory and new-style judicial campaigns. American Political Science Review, 59-75. Hhne, N. B. (2011). Contributions of individual countries emissions to climate change and their uncertainty. Climatic change, 359-391. Karim, M. F. (2008). Impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on cyclonic storm surge floods in Bangladesh. Global Environmental Change, 490-500. Lawrence, P. (2009). Australian climate policy and the Asia Pacific partnership on clean development and climate (APP). From Howard to Rudd: continuity or change? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 281-299. Mills, E. (2009). A global review of insurance industry responses to climate change. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 323-359. Milne, M. J. (2011). Climate change accounting research: keeping it interesting and different. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 948-977. Pinkse, J. . (2009). International business and global climate change. Routledge. Rankin, M. W. (2011). An investigation of voluntary corporate greenhouse gas emissions reporting in a market governance system: Australian evidence. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 1037-1070. Sussman, F. G. (2008). Adapting to climate change: A business approach (p. 41). Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.